Water, though vital for life, is also the route for transmission of water-borne diseases. Bottled water is consumed worldwide for its accessibility and the public perception of purity. However, this perception is usually not based on experimental results to confirm or invalidate it, especially where the sample commodity is not adequately tested for quality. In this study, different bottled water brands in Lesotho were compared to tap and well water samples sourced locally. The standard water testing methods were used to assess the physicochemical and microbiological quality of these samples. The physicochemical parameters such as hardness, alkalinity, pH, chloride, conductivity and nitrate content were below WHO acceptable limits for all water samples tested. Upon the employment of multivariate statistics, one of the bottled water samples (C) was completely indistinguishable from the two well water samples collected in the local village. On the other hand, microbiological analysis indicated that the water samples designated as C (bottle water brand), F (tap water), G (Ha-Mafefooane) and H (Roma community water) had a high microbial load and were contaminated with Escherichia coli, while A, B, D and E samples contained Staphylococcus spp. The presence of such indicator organisms suggests possible poor hygiene during processing. It is therefore recommended that stricter policy measures be taken to regularly monitor bottled water quality, before and after production and storage, to fulfil the basic water quality standards of WHO. Public awareness should also be created that bottled water may still be impure, despite appearing attractive and convenient.

Three yeast antagonists (two strains of Cryptococcus laurentii and one of Candida sake) from orange trees reduced incidence of green mold by 80 to 95% when tested in wounded orange fruits inoculated with Penicillium digitatum and incubated at 7ºC for 30 days. The yeasts inhibited conidial germination of the pathogen, but did not kill the spores. Effectiveness of the three yeasts as antagonists was associated in part with their ability to rapidly colonize wound sites, despite low nutrient availability. Observations suggested that production of extracellular matrix by the yeasts may have facilitated rapid wound colonization. Germination of P. digitatum conidia was significantly inhibited when the pathogen and antagonists were in direct physical contact in a culture suspension. The results supported the view that competition for nutrients is also a mode of action of yeasts against P. digitatum.